Independent travel knowledge
Evidence before origin myths
Explore the country’s past through chronology, political geography, material evidence and the histories of places travelers encounter today.
How to use this library
Modern Thailand was assembled in layers. These research views keep archaeological cultures separate from ethnic labels, political influence separate from fixed borders, and modern national identity separate from earlier states.
Every source ID links to the full evidence ledger in our cornerstone history.
01 / Chronology
From late-prehistoric communities to the 2023 election. Dates express the precision the evidence can actually support.
Demonstrates first-millennium urbanism outside a simple national lineage.
Directly evidenced · S011
Khmer influence varied by place and did not follow modern national borders.
Directly evidenced · S017
Material evidence connects Phimai and other sites to the wider Angkorian world.
Directly evidenced · S017
Direct epigraphic evidence for a major peninsular center.
Directly evidenced · S015
Sukhothai institutions and lineages continued inside the larger state.
Strongly supported · S004
Part of dynastic warfare often misdescribed as timeless Thailand–Burma conflict.
Strongly supported · S004
Shows the fluctuating power of regional dynasties.
Strongly supported · S004
Later national memory transformed a dynastic break into a foundational independence story.
Strongly supported; details source-dependent · S004
The formal elephant-duel narrative is chronicle-based and contested in detail.
Event strongly supported; duel details contested · S004
Illustrates strategic diplomacy rather than European domination of Ayutthaya.
Directly evidenced · S026
The capital collapsed and suffered severe destruction, but people and institutions survived.
Directly evidenced · S029
Reconstructed a large political field after Ayutthaya’s fall.
Strongly supported · S030
“Reunification” describes a process, not restoration of fixed former borders.
Strongly supported · S030
Beginning of the Rattanakosin era and current dynasty.
Directly evidenced · S030
Helped consolidate the new capital and military order.
Strongly supported · S030
A Bangkok reconstruction of law, not an untouched Ayutthaya code.
Directly evidenced · S038
An early formal relationship with a Western power.
Directly evidenced · S001
His reign combined Buddhist reform, science and high-pressure diplomacy.
Directly evidenced · S001
Extended Bangkok’s authority into local religious institutions.
Directly evidenced · S067
A gradual abolition process, not one instantaneous emancipation.
Directly evidenced · S038
Associated with mass nationalism linking nation, religion and king.
Directly evidenced · S044
Strengthened its place in postwar diplomacy and treaty revision.
Directly evidenced · S044
His reign faced fiscal crisis, the Depression and constitutional debate.
Directly evidenced · S044
Thailand’s first constitutional instrument.
Directly evidenced · S039
Established constitutional monarchy and a staged representative system.
Directly evidenced · S039
Requires qualification between coercion and later collaboration.
Directly evidenced · S046
Placed the Phibun government inside Japan’s wartime order.
Directly evidenced · S047
A legal and diplomatic break with Phibun-era nationalism.
Directly evidenced · S042
A major national crisis later used in partisan conflict; speculation must be avoided.
Directly evidenced; cause contested · S001
Re-established postwar international standing.
Directly evidenced · S043
Completes the Siam → Thailand → Siam → Thailand name sequence.
Directly evidenced · S043
Institutional beginning of modern state tourism promotion.
Directly evidenced · S071
A modern international-law decision arising from colonial-era mapping.
Directly evidenced · S003
Reshaped infrastructure, military capacity, cities and tourism.
Directly evidenced · S050
Opened an exceptional period of parliamentary and social mobilization.
Directly evidenced · S051
A foundational event in the history of political violence and impunity.
Directly evidenced; death total uncertain · S052
His “semi-democratic” era combined military, appointed and electoral institutions.
Directly evidenced · S051
Triggered severe contraction and regional contagion.
Directly evidenced · S053
Built a durable rural-provincial electoral coalition and strong executive government.
Directly evidenced · S059
A central human-rights controversy of the Thaksin era.
Strongly supported · S059
Modern conflict has historical, political, security and identity roots.
Directly evidenced · S068
A major disaster in the history of southern communities and tourism.
Directly evidenced · S071
Weakened aspects of elected executive power and expanded unelected institutions.
Directly evidenced · S039
Demonstrated street, judicial and coalition mechanisms of regime change.
Directly evidenced · S059
Returned a Thaksin-aligned party through an electoral mandate.
Directly evidenced · S059
A major dynastic and national transition.
Directly evidenced · S001
Created an appointed Senate and powerful transitional and oversight mechanisms.
Directly evidenced · S058
The appointed Senate mechanism blocked Move Forward’s prime-minister bid.
Directly evidenced · S062
02 / Political geography
Older Southeast Asian authority often overlapped. This comparison avoids drawing modern borders around political systems that did not work that way.
| Polity or field | Approximate dates | Major centers | Political form | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 6th–11th centuries | Nakhon Pathom; U Thong; Si Thep; Lopburi-region and Mun-basin towns | Multiple urban centers linked by Buddhist, linguistic, artistic and exchange traditions; unity debated | S011–S014 | |
| c. 9th–late 13th centuries | Lamphun and northern valley networks | Mon Buddhist polity reconstructed from inscriptions, archaeology and later chronicles | S021–S023 | |
| first millennium–14th century, changing forms | Lopburi and connected central-plain centers | Changing regional center linked at different times to Dvaravati, Angkorian and Ayutthayan fields | S011–S017; S004 | |
| c. 9th–13th centuries | Phimai; Phanom Rung; Muang Tam; Lopburi and other sanctuaries | Variable integration with Angkor through roads, sanctuaries, hospitals, elite and tributary relations | S017 | |
| c. 13th–15th centuries | Sukhothai; Si Satchanalai; Kamphaeng Phet | Tai-speaking dynastic polity with fluctuating dependencies and later integration into Ayutthaya | S018–S020 | |
| late 13th–19th centuries; provincial incorporation completed later | Chiang Mai; Chiang Rai; Lampang; Lamphun; Phayao; Nan | Network of valley cities and ruling houses; later within Burmese imperial and Bangkok tributary fields | S021–S023; S036 | |
| 1351–1767 | Ayutthaya and Chao Phraya basin; subordinate regional centers | Dynastic manpower state with noble, provincial, tributary and commercial institutions | S004; S024–S029 | |
| 1767–1782 | Thonburi; Chanthaburi as recovery base; mobile regional commands | Wartime reconstruction regime under Taksin, built from surviving Ayutthayan networks | S030 | |
| 1782–1932; centralized territorial phase especially c. 1890–1932 | Bangkok; provincial capitals and monthon centers | Chakri monarchy transformed from tributary-dynastic order into centralized bureaucratic territorial state | S001; S003; S030–S038 | |
| 1932–present | Bangkok national capital; 76 provinces plus Bangkok special administrative area at current cutoff | Bounded nation-state under constitutional monarchy, alternating elected, military and hybrid orders | S039–S070 |
| Date | Change | What changed | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Siam → Thailand | Directed use of “Thailand” for the country and “Thai” for people/nationality in official usage; Royal Gazette publication and implementation dates can cause secondary-source variation. | S040 | |
| Siam → Thailand in constitutional law | Aligned the constitutional state name with the June announcement. | S041 | |
| Thailand → Siam | Restored “Siam” and “Siamese” in English usage after the fall of the Phibun wartime government; the gazette publication followed. | S042 | |
| Siam → Thailand | The country notified the United Nations that its name was again Thailand; this change remained permanent. | S043 |
03 / Source criticism
Short national stories are memorable. They are not always supported by the evidence.
Common claim
Early long chronologies were revised; current dating does not support the superlative.
Better wording: Ban Chiang is a major Bronze and Iron Age sequence; it does not establish the world’s earliest bronze.
S005; S006Common claim
Linguistics, archaeology and genetics indicate multiple movements and assimilation.
Better wording: Tai-speaking populations expanded through long, regionally varied processes.
S007–S009; S074Common claim
Important early Tai polity; earlier and contemporary Tai centers existed and modern nationhood is anachronistic.
Better wording: Sukhothai was a major early Tai-speaking polity and later national origin symbol.
S018–S020Common claim
Inscription No. 1 credits innovation; scripts develop through adaptation and scribal practice; dating debate persists.
Better wording: The inscription associates Ramkhamhaeng with an early Thai script developed from regional traditions.
S019; S020Common claim
The claim depends heavily on one political inscription and later national interpretation.
Better wording: Inscription No. 1 projects accessible righteous kingship; actual government was more complex.
S019; S020Common claim
The crown prince’s death in battle is historical; formal-duel details vary across source traditions.
Better wording: Thai chronicles commemorate an elephant duel, but details are not universally corroborated.
S004Common claim
No formal annexation, but unequal treaties, extraterritoriality, coercion and concessions constrained sovereignty.
Better wording: Siam avoided formal colonization while operating under intense imperial pressure.
S003; S031–S038Common claim
Premodern tributary authority was not modern sovereignty; France used force and colonial law.
Better wording: Imperial settlements converted overlapping claims into exclusive borders under coercive conditions.
S003; S034Common claim
Severe destruction occurred, but people and institutions survived; later abandonment and reuse shaped ruins.
Better wording: The capital fell and suffered extensive destruction while traditions continued in Thonburi and Bangkok.
S029; S030Common claim
Fire, warfare, looting, brick reuse, vegetation, settlement and restoration acted over centuries.
Better wording: The invasion was catastrophic, but the surviving landscape has a longer post-1767 history.
S029; S073Common claim
Later chronicles served dynastic legitimation; retrospective diagnosis is impossible.
Better wording: Taksin was overthrown amid elite conflict; insanity claims require explicit attribution.
S030Common claim
The People’s Party seized power; the king accepted constitutional rule under pressure; conflict followed.
Better wording: The 1932 revolution ended absolute monarchy and initiated a contested constitutional order.
S039; S044; S045Common claim
Initial invasion and resistance were followed by alliance; Free Thai networks resisted.
Better wording: Thailand was invaded, entered alliance under Phibun, and also produced significant Allied resistance.
S046–S049Common claim
Borders were surveyed and negotiated mainly in the colonial era; premodern authority was graded.
Better wording: The modern territorial state was formed largely in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
S003; S034–S038Common claim
Counts vary by 1932, executive closures, 1948, self-coups, attempts and indirect interventions.
Better wording: State the definition and list every included event; this package’s military-centered headline is 12 after 1932 through 2014.
S055; S056Common claim
Parliament counts 20 instruments through 2017, including interim charters.
Better wording: Use 20 only with an explanation of what is included.
S039Common claim
The population contains many regional, linguistic, religious and migration histories.
Better wording: Thai nationality contains substantial ethnolinguistic diversity.
S001; S069Common claim
Lineages, state organization, texts and practices changed repeatedly.
Better wording: Buddhism in Thailand has multiple institutional and regional histories.
S06704 / Place histories
Each city reveals a different historical layer. These are concise orientations—not substitutes for the full, separately researched articles on the editorial roadmap.
Thonburi; 1782 foundation; nineteenth-century trade and roads; twentieth-century metropolis
Bangkok grew from older river settlements and the Thonburi strategic zone. Rama I established the Chakri capital on the east bank in 1782; palace-temple planning, canals, Chinese commerce, migrant neighborhoods, roads and twentieth-century metropolitan growth then reshaped the city repeatedly.
Evidence: Royal-city fabric, canals, temples, legal and chronicle records, commercial districts, maps
S001; S0301351–1767; 1688 crisis; 1767 fall; modern conservation
Ayutthaya was the principal Chao Phraya basin capital from 1351 to 1767 and an Asian commercial city connected to Chinese, Japanese, Persian, Indian and European networks. Its ruins record both court-religious power and the long post-1767 history of abandonment, reuse and conservation.
Evidence: Archaeology, royal chronicles, VOC and diplomatic records, architecture, museum collections
S004; S073thirteenth–fifteenth centuries; nineteenth-century inscription discovery; modern heritage era
Sukhothai was a major thirteenth- to fifteenth-century Tai-speaking polity, not the first society in Thailand or a modern nation-state. The linked landscapes of Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai and Kamphaeng Phet illuminate inscriptions, Buddhism, ceramics, water management and the later construction of a national origin story.
Evidence: Inscriptions, archaeology, urban water systems, ceramics, modern historiography
S018; S019; S0201296 foundation; Lan Na; Burmese rule; princely restoration; Siamese integration
Founded in 1296 as Mangrai’s principal Lan Na capital, Chiang Mai became a center of northern Buddhist scholarship, irrigation, trade and manuscript culture. Burmese imperial rule, restored princely government and nineteenth-century Bangkok centralization each remade the city before modern urban expansion.
Evidence: Chronicles, inscriptions, manuscripts, city walls and moats, temples, administrative records
S022; S023; S076Mangrai era; Lan Na; Burmese and Siamese competition; modern northern province
Chiang Rai was an early center associated with Mangrai before Chiang Mai became Lan Na’s principal capital. Its later history reflects northern valley politics, Burmese and Siamese relationships, Mekong-border exchange and the modern consolidation of Thailand’s far north.
Evidence: Northern chronicles, regional archaeology, temples, administrative history
S001; S022Hariphunchai; Mangrai takeover; Lan Na; modern heritage conservation
Lamphun preserves the strongest traveler-facing evidence for Hariphunchai, a Mon-speaking Buddhist polity that preceded Lan Na. Mangrai’s late-thirteenth-century takeover connected an older sacred and urban landscape to the new northern political order rather than erasing it.
Evidence: Mon inscriptions, archaeology, sculpture, chronicles, museum collections
S021; S077Dvaravati-associated era; Khmer/Lavo; Ayutthaya; Narai; modern conservation
Lopburi layers Dvaravati-associated settlement, Khmer political and artistic networks, the Lavo tradition and King Narai’s seventeenth-century second court. No single label explains the whole city; its monuments record repeated changes in political orientation and sacred use.
Evidence: Architecture, inscriptions, sculpture, archaeology, diplomatic records
S012; S017; S072Dvaravati-associated era; later Buddhist sacred landscape; nineteenth-century reconstruction
Nakhon Pathom is central to Dvaravati research through moated settlement evidence, Buddhist art, inscriptions and the long sacred history associated with Phra Pathom Chedi. The present monument includes major later reconstruction and should not be read as an untouched first-millennium structure.
Evidence: Archaeology, Mon inscriptions, sculpture, architecture, restoration records
S012; S072late prehistory; Khmer networks; Ayutthaya/Bangkok frontier; railway and modern gateway
The Khorat region links late-prehistoric sites and Khmer monuments with an Ayutthaya- and Bangkok-era frontier city. Nakhon Ratchasima later became a strategic administrative, transport and commercial gateway between the central basin and the northeastern plateau.
Evidence: Regional archaeology, Khmer monuments, official provincial history, transport and administrative records
S017; S072; S080late prehistory in the wider province; 1890s state consolidation; Cold War and modern urban growth
Udon Thani combines a province containing the Ban Chiang archaeological sequence with a modern city established as a strategic administrative and military center in the 1890s. Those are different histories and should not be collapsed into a claim that the present city is five thousand years old.
Evidence: Ban Chiang archaeology, official provincial history, administrative and military records
S005; S036; S081regional prehistory; late-eighteenth-century settlement traditions; twentieth-century development
Khon Kaen’s wider region contains prehistoric and early-historic evidence, while the modern city’s national importance grew through roads, rail connections, state development, commerce and the university era. It should not be presented as a continuously occupied ancient capital of the same name.
Evidence: Regional archaeology, official provincial history, development and transport records
S001; S050; S078late-eighteenth-century foundation; Bangkok integration; twentieth-century transport and Cold War
Ubon Ratchathani emerged from Lao-speaking settlement and political reorganization in the late eighteenth century. Monasteries, Mekong-basin networks, Bangkok’s provincial consolidation, rail and road development, and Cold War military geography all shaped the modern city.
Evidence: Official provincial history, monastic landscapes, administrative records, regional political history
S001; S036; S079early peninsular exchange; Tambralinga; Ayutthaya tributary relations; Bangkok-era province
Nakhon Si Thammarat is a major peninsular center associated with Tambralinga and Sri Dharmaraja, Indian Ocean exchange, Buddhist institutions and later relationships with Ayutthaya and Bangkok. Its history is regional and maritime, not merely an extension of a central-Thai core.
Evidence: Inscriptions, archaeology, religious monuments, chronicles, official provincial history
S015; S082Singora port; seventeenth-century conflict; later Songkhla town; modern province
Songkhla’s history includes the old fortified port of Singora, later urban relocation, Malay, Chinese and Thai commercial communities, and integration into the modern southern administrative system. The present old town represents only one stage in a shifting coastal history.
Evidence: Coastal archaeology, fortifications, official provincial history, commercial and community records
S015; S083Yarang early sites; Patani sultanate; Siamese incorporation; 1909 border; modern conflict
Pattani was a Malay Muslim commercial and scholarly center with a sultanate history predating the modern Thai border. Earlier Yarang archaeological sites, the later port, incorporation into centralized Siam and the 1909 border settlement must be kept distinct.
Evidence: Archaeology, Hikayat Patani traditions, Islamic and diplomatic records, official provincial history
S068; S084maritime trade; tin era; 1785 defense traditions; Chinese migration; tourism transformation
Phuket, historically associated with Thalang and foreign names such as Junk Ceylon, developed through maritime trade, tin mining, Chinese migration and island defense. Its twentieth-century conversion into an international tourism economy is a later layer, not the whole history.
Evidence: Official provincial history, mining and commercial records, community architecture, migration history
S069; S085prehistoric occupation; peninsular exchange; nineteenth-century provincial formation; modern tourism
Krabi’s Andaman landscape contains cave and rock-shelter evidence of early occupation and later maritime exchange. The modern provincial town and the beach-and-island tourism system are much more recent, so “ancient Krabi” should refer to the wider landscape rather than an unchanged city.
Evidence: Cave archaeology, regional trade evidence, official destination and provincial sources
S010; S015; S089Chaiya early-history landscape; Bandon; 1915 renaming; modern transport and tourism gateway
The modern city at Bandon received the name Surat Thani in 1915. The wider province also includes Chaiya and an earlier peninsular religious and trading landscape associated—sometimes too confidently—with Srivijaya, so city, province and archaeological zone must be separated.
Evidence: Peninsular archaeology, inscriptions, official provincial planning history
S015; S088prehistory and Dvaravati-associated evidence; Siamese–Burmese frontier; nineteenth-century border; 1942–1945 railway
Kanchanaburi’s western river corridors were frontier routes in Siamese–Burmese warfare and later colonial-border strategy. The city’s best-known global history is the Japanese wartime railway, which must center prisoners of war and Asian laborers without reducing the province’s longer archaeology and frontier history to World War II.
Evidence: Archaeology, official provincial history, diplomatic and wartime records, cemeteries and museums
S001; S046; S048; S086eastern maritime trade; Taksin era; Franco-Siamese crisis; 1904–1907 occupation and return
Trat was an eastern maritime and border center linked to coastal trade and the post-1767 reconstruction. French occupation and the 1904–1907 settlements made it a key place for understanding how imperial diplomacy converted older zones of influence into modern borders.
Evidence: Official provincial history, diplomatic records, maps and border agreements
S030; S034; S08705 / Constitutional order
Counts vary because classifications vary. The full tables make inclusions, exclusions and political origins visible.
| Date | Classification | Outcome | Immediate result | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extra-constitutional revolution / coup | Successful | Absolute monarchy ended; temporary charter followed | S039; S044; S045 | |
| Executive constitutional closure / self-coup-like intervention | Successful institutional closure | Assembly suspended; decrees issued; Pridi forced abroad | S044; S045 | |
| Military coup | Successful | Assembly restored; Manopakorn displaced | S055; S056 | |
| Armed rebellion / coup attempt (Boworadet) | Failed | Rebellion defeated; government consolidated | S044; S045; S055 | |
| Alleged/failed coup plot and political purge (Songsuradet rebellion) | Failed or disputed | Arrests, trials and executions strengthened Phibun | S044; S055 | |
| Military coup | Successful | Government removed; Khuang installed; military resurgence | S055; S056 | |
| Military-backed forced transfer | Successful but classification disputed | Khuang forced to resign; Phibun returned as prime minister | S055; S056 | |
| Palace Rebellion / coup attempt | Failed | Attempt defeated; repression intensified | S055; S056 | |
| Manhattan Rebellion / coup attempt | Failed | Phibun captured briefly; army and air force defeated rebels | S055; S056 | |
| Silent coup / self-coup | Successful | 1949 Constitution displaced; 1932-derived charter restored in amended form | S055; S056 | |
| Military coup | Successful | Phibun removed; Pote Sarasin appointed; election followed | S050; S055; S056 | |
| Self-coup | Successful | Constitution and parliament abolished; authoritarian Revolutionary Council rule | S050; S055; S056 | |
| Self-coup | Successful | Parliament dissolved; constitution suspended; Revolutionary Council restored | S051; S055; S056 | |
| Military coup following massacre | Successful | Government removed; 1974 Constitution ended; Thanin appointed | S052; S055; S056 | |
| Military coup attempt | Failed | Attempt defeated; Chalard executed | S055; S056 | |
| Military coup | Successful | Thanin removed; Kriangsak Chamanan became prime minister | S051; S055; S056 | |
| Young Turks coup attempt | Failed | Prem and royal household relocated; loyalist forces defeated attempt | S055; S056 | |
| Military coup attempt | Failed | Attempt defeated after fighting in Bangkok | S055; S056 | |
| Military coup | Successful | Government removed; constitution abolished; Anand appointed | S051; S055; S056 | |
| Military coup | Successful | Government removed; 1997 Constitution abolished; interim regime installed | S057; S059 | |
| Military coup | Successful | Caretaker cabinet removed; constitution largely abolished; junta rule established | S057; S058 |
| Date | Instrument | Political origin | Key features | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 June 1932 | Temporary Charter for the Administration of Siam Act B.E. 2475 | People’s Party after 24 June revolution | Declared sovereignty belonged to the people; small appointed Assembly | S039 |
| 10 December 1932 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Siam B.E. 2475 | Negotiated after temporary charter | Staged representative system under constitutional monarchy | S039 |
| 9 May 1946 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Siam B.E. 2489 | Postwar constitutional reform | More democratic bicameral order; both houses intended to become elected | S039 |
| 9 November 1947 | Interim Constitution of the Kingdom of Siam B.E. 2490 | Promulgated after 1947 coup | Restored stronger appointed and royalist institutional influence | S039 |
| 23 March 1949 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Siam B.E. 2492 | Drafted under post-coup order | Strong bicameral and monarchical provisions; country name soon Thailand | S039 |
| 8 March 1952 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2475 as amended B.E. 2495 | Military restoration of a revised 1932-derived text | Hybrid restoration that strengthened military-controlled order | S039 |
| 28 January 1959 | Charter for the Administration of the Kingdom B.E. 2502 | Sarit’s Revolutionary Council | Authoritarian charter with broad executive power, including notorious Article 17 | S039 |
| 20 June 1968 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2511 | Long drafting process under military regime | Restored parliament while preserving strong military influence | S039 |
| 15 December 1972 | Interim Charter for Administration of the Kingdom B.E. 2515 | Thanom’s Revolutionary Council after 1971 self-coup | Authoritarian interim order | S039 |
| 7 October 1974 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2517 | Drafted during 1973 democratic opening | Expanded rights and parliamentary government | S039 |
| 22 October 1976 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2519 | Military-backed Thanin government | Highly restrictive appointed order and long transition plan | S039 |
| 9 November 1977 | Charter for Administration of the Kingdom B.E. 2520 | After 20 October 1977 coup | Provided appointed legislature and military-led transition | S039 |
| 22 December 1978 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2521 | Post-1977 transition | Framework for Prem-era semi-democracy and later elected governments | S039 |
| 1 March 1991 | Charter for Administration of the Kingdom B.E. 2534 | National Peace Keeping Council after 1991 coup | Created appointed legislature and coup-led transition | S039 |
| 9 December 1991 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2534 | Drafted under post-coup order | Controversial design later amended after Black May | S039; S054 |
| 11 October 1997 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2540 | Elected drafting assembly and reform movement | “People’s Constitution”; rights, stronger parties and new oversight bodies | S039; S054 |
| 1 October 2006 | Interim Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2549 | Council for Democratic Reform after 2006 coup | Authorized appointed bodies and drafting under military oversight | S039 |
| 24 August 2007 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2550 | Approved by referendum under post-coup order | Weakened elected executive and expanded oversight institutions | S039; S059 |
| 22 July 2014 | Interim Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2557 | NCPO after 2014 coup | Granted extensive authority and amnesty to coup order | S039; S057 |
| 6 April 2017 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2560 | Drafted under NCPO and approved in 2016 referendum | Appointed transitional Senate, complex electoral rules and strong oversight bodies | S039; S058 |